The Miombo woodlands of Tanzania are central to the livelihood systems of millions of rural and urban dwellers in Tanzania, both for domestic and some agro-industry activities. They provide goods and services provided to livelihoods of local communities, such as medicines, energy, food, fibers, and construction and craft materials. However, anthropogenic and natural threats are causing significant biodiversity loss in Miombo woodlands, primarily associated with deforestation and land degradation as the most significant causes of biodiversity loss. This is causing the loss of dryland productivity, ecosystems goods and services, and global environmental values, which undermines livelihoods, food security and the potential for sustainable economic development for farm, forest and rangeland users, leads to biodiversity loss, and further increases vulnerability to climate change. The main causes and drivers of this degradation include: agricultural expansion and forest fragmentation; unsustainable agricultural activities and low adoption of improved management practices; unsustainable forest management and unsustainable extraction of forest products; high reliance on Miombo wood for energy and construction and wildfires. The threats are exacerbated by climate change impacts.